A chopper operating at a fixed frequency is feeding an $$R$$-$$L$$ load. As the duty ratio of the chopper is increased from $$25\% $$ to $$75\% $$, the ripple in the load current

When a line commutated converter operates in the inverter mode

The thermal resistance between the body of a power semiconductor device and the ambient is expressed as

In load flow analysis, the load connected at a bus is represented as