The line integral of the vector potential A around the boundary of a surface S represents

Given the differential equation $${y^1} = x - y$$ with initial condition $$y(0)=0.$$ The value of $$y(0.1)$$ calculated numerically upto the third place of decimal by the $${2^{nd}}$$ order Runge-Kutta method with step size $$h=0.1$$ is

The thermal resistance between the body of a power semiconductor device and the ambient is expressed as

A chopper operating at a fixed frequency is feeding an $$R$$-$$L$$ load. As the duty ratio of the chopper is increased from $$25\% $$ to $$75\% $$, the ripple in the load current