Ball bearings are rated by a manufacturer for a life of $${10^6}$$ revolutions. The catalogue rating of a particular bearing is $$16$$ $$kN.$$ If the design load is $$2$$ $$kN,$$ the life of the bearing will be $$P \times {10^6}$$ revolutions, where $$P$$ is equal to ___________.

A cylindrical riser of $$6$$ $$cm$$ diameter and $$6$$ $$cm$$ height has to be designed for a sand casting mould for producing a steel rectangular plate casting of $$7cm \times 10cm \times 2cm$$ dimensions having the total solidification time of $$1.36$$ minute. The total solidification time (in minute) of the riser is ___________________

In a rolling process, the maximum possible draft, defined as the difference between the initial and the final thickness of the metal sheet, mainly depends on which pair of the following parameters?
$$P:$$ Strain
$$Q:$$ Strength of the work material
$$R:$$ Roll diameter
$$S:$$ Roll velocity
$$T:$$ Coefficient of friction between roll and work.

Within the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) in a fusion welding process, the work material undergoes