The longitudinal sections of a runway have gradients as shown in the table.
| End to end for sections of runway (m) | Gradient (%) |
|---|---|
| 0 to 200 | +1.0 |
| 200 to 600 | −1.0 |
| 600 to 1200 | +0.8 |
| 1200 to 1600 | +0.2 |
| 1600 to 2000 | −0.5 |
Consider the reduced level (RL) at the starting point of the runway as 100 m.
The effective gradient of the runway is
In general, the outer edge is raised above the inner edge in horizontal curves for
Various stresses in jointed plain concrete pavement with slab size of 3.5 m × 4.5 m are denoted as follows:
Wheel load stress at interior = $S_{wl}^i$
Wheel load stress at edge = $S_{wl}^e$
Wheel load stress at corner = $S_{wl}^c$
Warping stress at interior = $S_t^i$
Warping stress at edge = $S_t^e$
Warping stress at corner = $S_t^c$
Frictional stress between slab and supporting layer = $S_f$
The critical stress combination in the concrete slab during a summer midnight is
The consolidated data of a spot speed study for a certain stretch of a highway is given in the table.
| Speed range (kmph) | Number of observations |
|---|---|
| 0 - 10 | 7 |
| 10 - 20 | 31 |
| 20 - 30 | 76 |
| 30 - 40 | 129 |
| 40 - 50 | 104 |
| 50 - 60 | 78 |
| 60 - 70 | 29 |
| 70 - 80 | 24 |
| 80 - 90 | 13 |
| 90 - 100 | 9 |
The "upper speed limit" (in kmph) for the traffic sign is