The structural design method that DOES NOT take into account the safety factors on the design loads is

The horizontal beam PQRS shown in the figure has a fixed support at point P, an internal hinge at point Q, and a pin support at point R. A concentrated vertically downward load (V) of 10 kN can act at any point over the entire length of the beam.

The maximum magnitude of the moment reaction (in kN.m) that can act at the support P due to V is ________________ (in integer).

The longitudinal sections of a runway have gradients as shown in the table.

Consider the reduced level (RL) at the starting point of the runway as 100 m.

The effective gradient of the runway is

In general, the outer edge is raised above the inner edge in horizontal curves for