Consider the two functions incr and decr shown below.

incr() {
  wait(s);
  X = X+1;
  signal(s);
}

decr() {
   wait(s);
   X = X-1;
   signal(s);
}

There are 5 threads each invoking incr once, and 3 threads each invoking decr once, on the same shared variable X. The initial value of X is 10.

Suppose there are two implementations of the semaphore s, as follows:

I-1: s is a binary semaphore initialized to 1.

I-2: s is a counting semaphore initialized to 2.

Let V1, V2 be the values of X at the end of execution of all the threads with implementations I-1, I-2, respectively.

Which one of the following choices corresponds to the minimum possible values of V1, V2, respectively?

Consider the language L over the alphabet {0, 1}, given below:

$$L = \{ w \in {\{ 0,1\} ^ * }|w$$ does not contain three or more consecutive $$1's\} $$.

The minimum number of states in a Deterministic Finite-State Automaton (DFA) for L is ___________.

We reached the station late, and ___________ missed the train.

Kind : ___________ : : Often : Frequently

(By word meaning)