Consider the following statements regarding the front-end and back-end of a compiler.
S1: The front-end includes phases that are independent of the target hardware.
S2: The back-end includes phases that are specific to the target hardware.
S3: The back-end includes phases that are specific to the programming language used in the source code.
Identify the CORRECT option.
Consider the control flow graph shown.
Which one of the following choices correctly lists the set of live variables at the exit point of each basic block?
Consider the syntax directed translation given by the following grammar and semantic rules. Here N, I, F and B are non-terminals. N is the starting non-terminal, and #, 0 and 1 are lexical tokens corresponding to input letters "#", "0" and "1", respectively. X.val denotes the synthesized attribute (a numeric value) associated with a non-terminal X. I$$_1$$ and F$$_1$$ denote occurrences of I and F on the right hand side of a production, respectively. For the tokens 0 and 1, 0.val = 0 and 1.val = 1.
$\begin{array}{llll}N & \rightarrow & I \# F & \text { N.val }=I . v a l+F . v a l \\ I & \rightarrow & I_1 B & I . v a l=\left(2 I_1 \cdot v a l\right)+\text { B.val } \\ I & \rightarrow & B & I . v a l=B . v a l \\ F & \rightarrow & B F_1 & F . v a l=\frac{1}{2}\left(B . v a l+F_1 \cdot v a l\right) \\ F & \rightarrow & B & F . v a l=\frac{1}{2} B . v a l \\ B & \rightarrow & 0 & \text { B.val }=\mathbf{0} . \mathrm{val} \\ B & \rightarrow & 1 & \text { B.val }=\mathbf{1} . \mathrm{val}\end{array}$The value computed by the translation scheme for the input string
$$10 \# 011$$
is ____________. (Rounded off to three decimal places)
Suppose two hosts are connected by a point-to-point link and they are configured to use Stop-end-Wait protocol for reliable data transfer. Identify in which one of the following scenarios, the utilization of the link is the lowest.