Most of the turbidity meters work on the scattering principle. The turbidity value obtained is expressed in

The ratio of saturated unit weight to dry unit weight of a soil is 1.25. If the specific gravity of solids (G_s) is 2.65, the void ratio of the soil is

A sprinkler irrigation system is suitable when

In the limit state design method of concrete structures, the recommended partial material safety factor $$\left( {{\gamma _m}} \right)$$ for steel according to $$IS:456$$-$$2000$$ is