The present population of a community is 28000 with an average water consumption of 4200 $$m^3/d$$. The existing water treatment plant has a design capacity of 6000 $$m^3/d$$. It is expected that the population will increase to 44000 during the next 20 years. The number of years from now when the plant will reach it's design capacity, assuming an arithmetic rate of population growth, will be

The ratio of saturated unit weight to dry unit weight of a soil is 1.25. If the specific gravity of solids (G_s) is 2.65, the void ratio of the soil is

A sprinkler irrigation system is suitable when

At the limit state of collapse, an $$RC$$ beam is subjected to flexural moment $$200$$ $$kN$$-$$m$$, shear force $$20$$ $$kN$$ and torque $$9$$ $$kN$$-$$m$$. The beam is $$300$$ $$mm$$ wide and has a gross depth of $$425$$ $$mm,$$ with an effective cover of $$25$$ $$mm$$. The equivalent nominal shear stress $$\left( {{\tau _{ve}}} \right)$$ as calculated by using the design code turns out to the lesser than the design shear strength $$\left( {{\tau _c}} \right)$$ of the concrete.

The equivalent shear force $$\left( {{V_e}} \right)$$ is