The microbial quality of treated piped water supplies is monitored by

The return period for the annual maximum flood of a given magnitude is 8 years. The probability that this flood magnitude will be executed once during the next 5 years is

An isolated $$T$$ beam is used as a walkway. The beam is simply supported with an effective span of $$6$$ $$m.$$ The effective width of flange, for the cross-section shown in figure, is

The cross-section of a pretensioned pre-stressed concrete beam is shown in Figure. The reinforcement is placed concentrically. If the stress in steel at transfer is $$1000$$ $$MPa,$$ compute the stress in steel immediately after transfer. The modular ratio is $$6.$$