The return period for the annual maximum flood of a given magnitude is 8 years. The probability that this flood magnitude will be executed once during the next 5 years is

The cross-section of a pretensioned pre-stressed concrete beam is shown in Figure. The reinforcement is placed concentrically. If the stress in steel at transfer is $$1000$$ $$MPa,$$ compute the stress in steel immediately after transfer. The modular ratio is $$6.$$

An isolated $$T$$ beam is used as a walkway. The beam is simply supported with an effective span of $$6$$ $$m.$$ The effective width of flange, for the cross-section shown in figure, is

The cross-section of a simply supported plate girder is shown in figure. The loading on the girder is symmetrical. The bearing stiffeners at supports are the sole means of providing restraint against torsion. Design the bearing stiffeners at supports, with minimum moment of inertia about the center line of web plate only as the sole design criterion. The flat sections available are: $$250 \times 25,\,\,250 \times 32,\,\,\,200 \times 28$$ and $$200 \times 32\,\,mm.$$ Draw a sketch