Steam is flowing through an insulated steel pipe shown in the fig, is losing heat to the surroundings. The details are as follows

Inner radius of steel pipe $$=50mm,$$
Outer radius of the steel pipe $$=57mm,$$
Outer radius of insulation $$=157 mm,$$
Thermal conductivity of steel $$=43$$ $$W/mK$$
Thermal conductivity of insulating material $$=0.1$$ $$W/mK$$
Heat transfer coefficient on steam side $$ = 570W/{m^2}K$$
Heat transfer coefficient on air side $$ = 12W/{m^2}K,$$
Temperature of steam $$ = {500^ \circ }C$$
Temperature of surroundings $$ = {30^ \circ }C$$

Calculate the heat loss per meter length of pipe and temp of the outer surface of the insulation.

A shell and tube heat exchanger is to be designed for heating pressurized water by means of hot gasses which get cooled the data are as follows
Temp of water at the inlet $$ = \,80{}^ \circ C$$
Temp of the water at the outlet $$ = \,140{}^ \circ C$$
Temp of hot gasses at the inlet $$ = \,340{}^ \circ C$$
Temp of hot gasses at the outlet $$ = \,180{}^ \circ C$$
Mass flow rate of water $$=12$$ $$kg/s,$$ Specific heat of water $$=4.2kJ/kgK$$
$$OHTC=30$$ $$W/{m^2}K$$,
Correction factor for $$LMTD$$ based on counter flow conditions $$=0.9$$
Calculate the tube surface area required in the heat exchanger and the effectiveness of the heat exchanger.

For a glass plate transitivity and reflectivity are specified as $$0.86$$ and $$0.08$$ respectively, the absorptivity of the glass plate is

For the fluid flowing over a flat plate with Prandtle number greater than unity, the thermal boundary layer for laminar forced convection