In the design of a reinforced concrete bean the requirement for bond is not getting satisfied. The economical option to satisfy the requirement for bond is by

A reinforced concrete column contains longitudinal steel equal to $$1$$ percent of net cross-sectional area of the column. Assume modular ration as $$10.$$ the loads carried (using the elastic theory) by the longitudinal steel and the net area of concrete, are $${P_s}$$ and $${P_c}$$ respectively. The ration $${P_s}$$/$${P_c}$$ expressed as percent is

A reinforced concrete beam of rectangular cross section of breadth $$230$$ $$mm$$ and effective depth $$400$$ $$mm$$ is subjected to maximum factored shear force of $$120$$ $$kN.$$ The grades of concrete, main steel and stirrup steel are $$M20,$$ $$Fe415$$ and $$Fe250$$ respectively. For the area of main steel provided, the design shear strength τc is per $$IS: 456$$-$$2000$$ is $$0.48$$ $$N/m{m^2}.$$ The beam is designed for collapse limit state.

In addition, the beam is subjected to a torque whose factored value is $$10.90$$ $$kN$$-$$m.$$ The stirrups have to be provided to carry a shear $$(kN)$$ equal to

A reinforced concrete beam of rectangular cross section of breadth $$230$$ $$mm$$ and effective depth $$400$$ $$mm$$ is subjected to maximum factored shear force of $$120$$ $$kN.$$ The grades of concrete, main steel and stirrup steel are $$M20,$$ $$Fe415$$ and $$Fe250$$ respectively. For the area of main steel provided, the design shear strength τc is per $$IS: 456$$-$$2000$$ is $$0.48$$ $$N/m{m^2}.$$ The beam is designed for collapse limit state.

The spacing $$(mm)$$ of $$2$$-legged $$8$$ $$mm$$ stirrups to be provided is