A reinforced concrete column contains longitudinal steel equal to $$1$$ percent of net cross-sectional area of the column. Assume modular ration as $$10.$$ the loads carried (using the elastic theory) by the longitudinal steel and the net area of concrete, are $${P_s}$$ and $${P_c}$$ respectively. The ration $${P_s}$$/$${P_c}$$ expressed as percent is

In the design of a reinforced concrete bean the requirement for bond is not getting satisfied. The economical option to satisfy the requirement for bond is by

A pre-tensioned concrete member of section $$200\,\,mm \times 250\,\,mm$$ contains tendons of area $$500\,\,m{m^2}$$ at the centre of gravity of the section. The prestress in tendons is $$1000\,\,N/m{m^2}.$$. Assuming modular ratio as $$10,$$ the stress $$\left( {N/m{m^2}} \right)$$ in concrete is

Rivets and bolts subjected to both shear stress $$\left( {{\tau _{vf}},\,cal} \right)$$ and axial tensile stress $$\left( {{\sigma _{tf,cal}}} \right)$$ shall be so proportioned that the stresses do not exceed the respective allowable stresses $${\tau _{vf,}}$$ and $${{\sigma _{tf,}}}$$ and the value of $$\left( {{{{\tau _{vf.cal}}} \over {{\tau _{vf}}}} + {{{\sigma _{tf,cal}}} \over {{\sigma _{tf}}}}} \right)$$ does not exceed