A user starts browsing a webpage hosted at a remote server. The browser opens a single TCP connection to fetch the entire webpage from the server. The webpage consists of a top-level index page with multiple embedded image objects. Assume that all caches (e.g., DNS cache, browser cache) are all initially empty. The following packets leave the user's computer in some order.
(i) HTTP GET request for the index page
(ii) DNS request to resolve the web server's name to its IP address
(iii) HTTP GET request for an image object
(iv) TCP SYN to open a connection to the web server
Which one of the following is the CORRECT chronological order (earliest in time to latest) of the packets leaving the computer?
TCP client P successfully establishes a connection to TCP server Q. Let $N_P$ denote the sequence number in the SYN sent from P to Q. Let $N_Q$ denote the acknowledgement number in the SYN ACK from Q to P. Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?
Which of the following fields is/are modified in the IP header of a packet going out of a network address translation (NAT) device from an internal network to an external network?
Consider a network path P—Q—R between nodes P and R via router Q. Node P sends a file of size $10^6$ bytes to R via this path by splitting the file into chunks of $10^3$ bytes each. Node P sends these chunks one after the other without any wait time between the successive chunk transmissions. Assume that the size of extra headers added to these chunks is negligible, and that the chunk size is less than the MTU.
Each of the links P—Q and Q—R has a bandwidth of $10^6$ bits/sec, and negligible propagation latency. Router Q immediately transmits every packet it receives from P to R, with negligible processing and queueing delays. Router Q can simultaneously receive on link P—Q and transmit on link Q—R.
Assume P starts transmitting the chunks at time $t = 0$.
Which one of the following options gives the time (in seconds, rounded off to 3 decimal places) at which R receives all the chunks of the file?