A binary relation $$R$$ on $$N \times N$$ is defined as follows: $$(a,b)R(c,d)$$ if $$a \le c$$ or $$b \le d.$$ Consider the following propositions:

$$P:$$ $$R$$ is reflexive
$$Q:$$ $$R$$ is transitive

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

Consider a set $$U$$ of $$23$$ different compounds in a Chemistry lab. There is a subset $$S$$ of $$U$$ of $$9$$ compounds, each of which reacts with exactly $$3$$ compounds of $$U.$$ Consider the following statements:

$$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{\rm I}.\,\,\,\,\,$$ Each compound in $$U \ S$$ reacts with an odd number of compounds.
$$\,\,\,\,\,{\rm I}{\rm I}.\,\,\,\,\,$$ At least one compound in $$U \ S$$ reacts with an odd number of compounds.
$$\,\,\,{\rm I}{\rm I}{\rm I}.\,\,\,\,\,$$ Each compound in $$U \ S$$ reacts with an even number of compounds.

Which one of the above statements is ALWAYS TRUE?

Which one of the following well-formed formulae in predicate calculus is NOT valid?

The value of the expression $${13^{99}}$$ ($$mod$$ $$17$$), in the range $$0$$ to $$16,$$ is ______________ .