Consider a processor with $$64$$ registers and an instruction set of size twelve. Each instruction has five distinct fields, namely, opcode, two source register identifiers, one destination register identifier, and a twelve-bit immediate value. Each instruction must be stored in memory in a byte-aligned fashion. If a program has $$100$$ instructions, the amount of memory (in bytes) consumed by the program text is _____________.

The width of the physical address on a machine is $$40$$ bits. The width of the tag field in a $$512$$ $$KB$$ $$8$$-way set associative cache is _____________ bits.

Consider a $$3$$ $$GHz$$ (gigahertz) processor with a three-stage pipeline and stage latencies $${\tau _1},{\tau _2},$$ and $${\tau _3}$$ such that $${\tau _1} = 3{\tau _2}/4 = 2{\tau _3}.$$ If the longest pipeline stage is split into two pipeline stages of equal latency, the new frequency is ____________ $$GHz,$$ ignoring delays in the pipeline registers.

In an adjacency list representation of an undirected simple graph $$G = (V,E),$$ each edge $$(u, v)$$ has two adjacency list entries: $$[v]$$ in the adjacency list of $$u,$$ and $$[u]$$ in the adjacency list of $$v.$$ These are called twins of each other. A twin pointer is a pointer from an adjacency list entry to its twin. If $$|E| = m$$ and $$|V| = n,$$ and the memory size is not a constraint, what is the time complexity of the most efficient algorithm to set the twin pointer in each entry in each adjacency list?