Maximum number of edges in a n - node undirected graph without self loops is

Let $$A$$ be a set of $$n\left( { > 0} \right)$$ elements. Let $${N_r}$$ be the number of binary relations on $$A$$ and Let $${N_r}$$ be the number of functions from $$A$$ to $$A$$.
(a) Give the expression for $${N_r}$$ in terms of $$n$$.
(b) Give the expression for $${N_f}$$ in terms of $$n$$.
(c) Which is larger for all possible $$n, $$ $${N_r}$$ or $${N_f}$$?

(a) $$S = \left\{ { < 1,2 > ,\, < 2,1 > } \right\}$$ is binary relation on set $$A = \left\{ {1,2,3} \right\}$$. Is it irreflexive?
Add the minimumnumber of ordered pairs to $$S$$ to make it an $$\,\,\,\,\,$$equivalence relation. Give the modified $$S$$.

(b) Let $$S = \left\{ {a,\,\,b} \right\}\,\,\,\,$$ and let ▢ $$S$$ be the power set of $$S$$. Consider the binary relation $$'\underline \subset $$ (set inclusion)' on ▢ $$S$$. Draw the Hasse diagram corresponding to the lattice (▢$$(S)$$, $$\underline \subset $$)

Obtain the eigen values of the matrix $$$A = \left[ {\matrix{ 1 & 2 & {34} & {49} \cr 0 & 2 & {43} & {94} \cr 0 & 0 & { - 2} & {104} \cr 0 & 0 & 0 & { - 1} \cr } } \right]$$$