As per provision of $$IS$$ $$456$$-$$2000$$, in the limit state method for design of beams, the limiting value of the depth of neutral axis in a reinforced concrete beam of effective depth $$'d'$$ is given as

Modulus of elasticity of M25 grade concrete in MPa is

$$ISA$$ $$100 \times 100 \times 10\,\,mm$$ (Cross sectional area $$ = 1903\,\,m{m^2})$$ serves as tensile member. This angle is welded to a gusset plate along $$A$$ and $$B$$ appropriately as shown. Assuming the yield strength of the steel to be $$260$$ $$N/m{m^2}$$ the tensile strength of the member can be taken to be approximately

Given reason for the following is not more than $$20$$ words

(a) A maximum permissible distance between lacing and battens in steel columns is
$$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,$$ usually specified.
(b) It is sometimes preferable to have unequal flange angle with the longer legs
$$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,$$ horizontal in plate girder.
(c) If two channel sections need to be used as a steel column, they may be connected
$$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,$$ 'face-to-face' rather than 'back-to-back'
(d) It is sometimes preferred to have a small gap between the web and the flange
$$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,$$ plate in a plate girder.
(e) A maximum permissible 'outstand may be specific for flange in built-up sections.