Let $$R$$ be a symmetric and transitive relation on a set $$A$$. Then

The rank of the following (n + 1) x (n + 1) matrix, where a is a real number is $$$\left[ {\matrix{ 1 & a & {{a^2}} & . & . & . & {{a^n}} \cr 1 & a & {{a^2}} & . & . & . & {{a^n}} \cr . & . & . & . & . & . & . \cr . & . & . & . & . & . & . \cr . & . & . & . & . & . & . \cr 1 & a & {{a^2}} & . & . & . & {{a^n}} \cr } } \right]$$$

The rank of the following (n + 1) x (n + 1) matrix, where a is a real number is $$$\left[ {\matrix{ 1 & a & {{a^2}} & . & . & . & {{a^n}} \cr 1 & a & {{a^2}} & . & . & . & {{a^n}} \cr . & . & . & . & . & . & . \cr . & . & . & . & . & . & . \cr . & . & . & . & . & . & . \cr 1 & a & {{a^2}} & . & . & . & {{a^n}} \cr } } \right]$$$

If at every point of a certain curve, the slope of the tangent equals $${{ - 2x} \over y}$$ the curve is