For the dual-wheel carrying assembly shown in the figure, P is the load on each wheel, a is the radius of the contact area of the wheel, s is the spacing between the wheels, and d is the clear distance between the wheels. Assuming that the ground is an elastic, homogenous, and isotropic half space, the ratio of Equivalent Single Wheel Load (ESWL) at depth z = d/2 to the ESWL at depth z = 2s is __________. (round off to one decimal place)

(Consider the influence angle to be 45$$^\circ$$ for the linear dispersion of stress with depth)

You should __________ when to say __________.

Two straight lines pass through the origin (x₀, y₀) = (0, 0). One of them passes through the point (x₁, y₁) = (1, 3) and the other passes through the point (x₂, y₂) = (1, 2). What is the area enclosed between the straight lines in the interval [0, 1] on the x-axis?

If

p : q = 1 : 2

q : r = 4 : 3

r : s = 4 : 5

and u is 50% more than s, what is the ratio p : u?