In the context of elastic theory of reinforced concrete, the modular ratio is defined as the ratio of

A reinforced concrete beam with rectangular cross section (width = 300 mm, effective depth = 580 mm) is made of M30 grade concrete. It has 1% longitudinal tension reinforcement of Fe415 grade steel. The design shear strength for this beam is 0.66 N/mm². The beam has to resist a factored shear force of 440 kN. The spacing of two-legged, 10 mm diameter vertical stirrups of Fe415 grade steel is _________ mm. (round off to the nearest integer)

A weld is used for joining an angle section ISA 100 mm $$\times$$ 100 mm $$\times$$ 10 mm to a gusset plate of thickness 15 mm to transmit a tensile load. The permissible stress in the angle is 150 MPa and the permissible shear stress on the section through the throat of the fillet weld is 108 MPa. The location of the centroid of the angle is represented by C_yy in the figure, where C_yy = 28.4 mm. The area of cross-section of the angle is 1903 mm². Assuming the effective throat thickness of the weld to be 0.7 times the given weld size, the lengths L₁ and L₂ (rounded off to the nearest integer) of the weld required to transmit a load equal to the full strength of the tension member are, respectively

The hoop stress at a point on the surface of a thin cylindrical pressure vessel is computed to be 30.0 MPa. The value of maximum shear stress at this point is