The bearing of a survey line is N31$$^\circ$$17'. Its azimuth observed from north is __________ deg. (round off to two decimal places)

Four different soils are classified as CH, ML, SP, and SW, as per the Unified Soil Classification System. Which one of the following options correctly represents their arrangement in the decreasing order of hydraulic conductivity?

Let $$\sigma$$'_v and $$\sigma$$'_h denote the effective vertical stress and effective horizontal stress, respectively. Which one of the following conditions must be satisfied for a soil element to reach the failure state under Rankine's passive earth pressure condition?

Let $$\psi $$ represent soil suction head and K represent hydraulic conductivity of the soil. If the soil moisture content $$\theta$$ increases, which one of the following statements is TRUE?