Consider a selective repeat sliding window protocol that uses a frame size of 1 KB to send data on a 1.5 Mbps link with a one-way latency of 50 msec. To achieve a link utilization of 60%, the minimum number of bits required to represent the sequence number field is ________.

Which one of the following are used to generate a message digest by the network security protocols?
(P) RSA
(Q) SHA-1
(R) DES
(S) MD5

Let the size of congestion window of a TCP connection be 32 KB when a timeout occurs. The round trip time of the connection is 100 msec and the maximum segment size used is 2 KB. The time taken (in msec) by the TCP connection to get back to 32 KB congestion window is __________.

An access sequence of cache block addresses is of length $$N$$ and contains $$n$$ unique block address. The number of unique block addresses between two consecutive accesses to the same block address is bounded above by $$k.$$ What is the miss ratio if the access sequence is passed through a cache of associativity $$A\, \ge \,k$$ exercising least-recently-used replacement policy?