Which one of the following is the most appropriate logical formula to represent the statement:

"$$Gold\,and\,silver\,ornaments\,are\,precious$$"

The following notations are used:
$$G\left( x \right):\,\,x$$ is a gold ornament.
$$S\left( x \right):\,\,x$$ is a silver ornament.
$$P\left( x \right):\,\,x$$ is precious.

Consider the following well-formed formulae:

$${\rm I}.$$ $$\,\,\neg \forall x\left( {P\left( x \right)} \right)$$
$${\rm I}{\rm I}.\,\,\,\,\,\,\neg \exists x\left( {P\left( x \right)} \right)$$
$${\rm I}{\rm I}{\rm I}.\,\,\,\,\,\,\neg \exists x\left( {\neg P\left( x \right)} \right)$$
$${\rm I}V.\,\,\,\,\,\,\exists x\left( {\neg P\left( x \right)} \right)$$

Which of the above are equivalent?

Which one of the following in NOT necessarily a property of Group?

consider the binary relation $$R = \left\{ {\left( {x,y} \right),\,\left( {x,z} \right),\,\left( {z,x} \right),\,\left( {z,y} \right)} \right\}$$ on the set $$\left\{ {x,\,y,\,z} \right\}$$. which one of the following is TRUE?