Consider a set-associative cache of size 2 KB (1 KB = 2¹⁰ bytes) with cache block size of 64 bytes. Assume that the cache is byte-addressable and a 32-bit address is used for accessing the cache. If the width of the tag field is 22 bits, the associativity of the cache is _______

Assume a two-level inclusive cache hierarchy, L1 and L2, where L2 is the larger of the two. Consider the following statements.

S₁ : Read misses in a write through L1 cache do not result in writebacks of dirty lines to the L2.

S₂ : Write allocate policy must be used in conjunction with write through caches and no-write allocate policy is used with writeback caches.

Which of the following statements is correct? 

Consider a pipelined processor with 5 stages, Instruction Fetch (IF), Instruction Decode (ID), Execute (EX), Memory Access (MEM), and Write Back (WB). Each stage of the pipeline, except the EX stage, takes one cycle. Assume that the ID stage merely decodes the instruction and the register read is performed in the EX stage. The EX stage takes one cycle for ADD instruction and two cycles for MUL instruction. Ignore pipeline register latencies.

Consider the following sequence of 8 instructions:

ADD, MUL, ADD, MUL, ADD, MUL, ADD, MUL

Assume that every MUL instruction is data-dependent on the ADD instruction just before it and every ADD instruction (except the first ADD) is data-dependent on the MUL instruction just before it. The speedup is defined as follows:

$$Speedup = \frac{{Execution{\:}time{\:}without{\:}operand{\:}forwarding}}{{Execution{\:}time{\:}with{\:}operand{\:}forwarding}}$$

The Speedup achieved in executing the given instruction sequence on the pipelined processor (rounded to 2 decimal places) is _______

Consider a computer system with DMA support. The DMA module is transferring one 8-bit character in one CPU cycle from a device to memory through cycle stealing at regular intervals. Consider a 2 MHz processor. If 0.5% processor cycles are used for DMA, the data transfer rate of the device is __________ bits per second.