Maximum strain at the level of compression steel for a rectangular section having effective cover to compression steel as $$d'$$ and neutral axis depth from compression face $${X_u}$$ is

The minimum area of tension reinforcement in a beam shall be greater than

Two wheels, placed at a distance of $$2.5$$ $$m$$ apart, with a load of $$200\,\,kN$$ on each of them are moving on a simply supported girder ($${\rm I}$$-section) of span $$6.0$$ $$m.$$ The top and bottom flanges of the $${\rm I}$$-section are of $$200 \times 20\,\,mm$$ and the size of web plate is $$800 \times 6\,\,mm$$. If the allowable and average stresses are $$110\,MPa,$$ $$165$$ $$MPa$$ and $$100$$ $$MPa$$ respectively, check the adequacy of the section against bending and shear stress (self-weight of the girder, may be neglected)

A steel beam supporting loads from the floors slab as well as from wall is termed as