In a rolling process, the roll separating force can be decreased by

During open die forging process using two flat and parallel dies, a solid steel disc of initial radius $$({R_{IN}})\,\,200mm$$ and Initial height $$({H_{IN}})\,\,50mm$$ attains a height $$({H_{FN}})$$ of $$30mm$$ and radius of $${R_{FN}}$$. Along the die-disc interfaces

(i) The coefficient of friction $$\left( \mu \right)$$ is :
$$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\mu = 0.35\left[ {1 + {e^{ - {R_{IN}}/{R_{FN}}}}} \right]$$

(ii) In the region $${R_{SS}}\,\, \le \,\,r\,\, \le \,\,{R_{FN}},$$ sliding friction prevails and
$$\,\,\,\,\,\,P = \sqrt 3 .K.{e^{2\mu \left( {{R_{IN}} - r} \right)/{H_{FN}}}}$$ and $$\tau = \mu \,p$$

Where $$p$$ and $$\tau $$ are the normal and the shear stress respectively; $$K$$ is the shear yield strength of steel and $$r$$ is the radial distance of any point
(i) In the region $$0\, \le \,r\, \le \,{R_{IN}}.$$ sticking condition prevails

The value of $$RSS$$ (in $$mm$$ ), where sticking condition changes to sliding friction is

Using direct extrusion process, a round billet of $$100$$ $$mm$$ length and $$50mm$$ diameter is extruded. Considering an ideal deformation process (no friction and no redundant work), extrusion ratio $$4$$ and average flow stress of material $$300$$ $$MPa,$$ the pressure $$(MPa)$$ on the $$ram$$ will be

By application of tensile force, the cross sectional area of bar $$' P '$$ is first reduced by $$30\% $$ and then by an additional $$20\% $$. Another bar $$'Q'$$ of the same material is reduced in cross sectional area by $$50\% $$ in a single step by applying tensile force. After deformation, the true strain in bar $$'P'$$ and bar $$'Q'$$ will, respectively, be