The voltage-arc length characteristic of a $$DC$$ arc is given by $$V=20+40L.$$ where $$L=$$ arc length in $$cm.$$ The power source characteristics can be approximated by a straight line. Open circuit is $$80V$$ and short circuit current $$1000$$Amps. The optimum arc length in $$mm$$

A resistance welder is rated at $$50$$ $$kVA,$$ at $$50\% $$ duty cycle. Secondary voltage is always constant at $$25$$ volts. If a job requires $$1500$$Amps current, determine the maximum welding time in a total cycle time of $$30$$$$secs$$.

In welding process, penetration is increased by

Continuous rails for Indian railways are welded by ........ Welding process.