Consider two axially loaded columns, namely. $$1$$ and $$2,$$ made of a linear elastic material with Young's modulus $$2 \times {10^5}\,\,MPa,$$ square cross-section with side $$10$$ $$mm$$, and length $$1$$ $$m.$$ For Column $$1,$$ one end is fixed and the other end is free. For column $$2,$$ one end is fixed and the other end is pinned. Based on the Euler's theory, the ratio (up to one decimal place) of the buckling load of Column $$2$$ to the buckling load of column $$1$$ is ___________

A simply supported beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load. Which one of the following statements is true?

An elastic bar of length L, uniform cross sectional area A, coefficient of thermal expansion a, and Young’s modulus E is fixed at the two ends. The temperature of the bar is increased by T, resulting in an axial stress $$\sigma$$. Keeping all other parameters unchanged, if the length of the bar is doubled, the axial stress would be

The value of $$M$$ in the beam $$ABC$$ shown in the figure is such that the joint $$B$$ does not rotate.

The value of support reaction (in $$kN$$) at $$B$$ should be equal to _____________