A reinforced concrete member is subjected to combined action of compressive axial force and bending moment. If $${\varepsilon _{\min }}$$ is the least compressive strain in the member $${f_y},$$ the yield stress of steel and $${E_s},$$ the modulus of elasticity of steel, the maximum permissible compressive strain in concrete member will be

If $$\phi \, = \,$$ nominal diameter of reinforcing bar, $${f_s}\, = $$ compressive stress in the bar and $${f_{bd}}\, = $$ design bond stress of concrete, the anchorage length, $${L_a}$$ of straight bar in compression is equal to

A uniformly distributed load intensity, $$w$$ acting on a simply supported prestressed concrete beam of span $$L,$$ producing a bending moment $$M,$$ at mid-span is to be balanced by a parabolic tendon with zero eccentricity at ends and eccentricity $$e,$$ at mid-span. The prestressing force required depends on

The loss of prestress due to elastic shortening of concrete is least in