In metal forming operation, the true strain in the $$X$$-direction is $$0.3$$ and in the $$Y$$-direction is $$-0.1.$$ The true strain in the $$Z$$-direction is

Forces in hot extrusion is a function of the strain hardening component of the billet material.

In order to reduce roll pressure in strip rolling, back tension can be applied to strip.

Which one of the following manufacturing process requires the provision of 'gutters'