Let $$a, b, c, d$$ be propositions. Assume that the equivalences $$a \leftrightarrow \left( {b \vee \neg b} \right)$$ and $$b \leftrightarrow c$$ hold. Then the truth value of the formulae $$\left( {a\, \wedge \,b} \right) \to \left( {\left( {a \wedge c} \right) \vee d} \right)$$ is always

Let P(S) denote the power set of a set S. Which of the following is always true?

A relation R is defined on the set of integers as zRy if f (x + y) is even. Which of the following statements is true?

$${{E_1}}$$ and $${{E_2}}$$ are events in a probability space satisfying the following constraints:
$$ \bullet $$ $$\Pr \,\,({E_1}) = \Pr \,({E_2})$$
$$ \bullet $$ $$\Pr \,\,({E_1}\, \cup {E_2}) = 1$$
$$ \bullet $$ $${E_1}$$ & $${E_2}$$ are independent

The value of Pr ($${E_1}$$), the probability of the event $${E_1}$$, is