Consider two infinitely long thin concentric tubes of circular cross section as shown in the figure. If $${D_1}$$ and $${D_2}$$ are the diameters of the inner and outer tubes respectively, then the view factor $${F_{22}}$$ is given by

For an opaque surface, the absorptivity $$\left( \alpha \right),$$ transmissivity $$\left( \tau \right)$$ and reflectivity $$\left( \rho \right)$$ are related by the equation:

Which one of the following configurations has the highest fin effectiveness?

In a $$DC$$ $$arc$$ welding operating, the length characteristic was obtained as $${V_{arc}} = 20 + 5l$$ where the $$arc$$ length $$l$$ was varied between $$5mm$$ and $$7mm.$$ Here $${V_{arc}}$$ denotes the arc voltage in volts. The $$arc$$ current was varied from $$400A$$ to $$500A.$$ Assuming linear power source characteristic, the open circuit voltage and the short circuit current for the welding operation are