Two pipes of uniform section but different diameters carry water at the same volumetric flow rate. Water properties are the same in the two pipes. The Reynolds number, based on the pipe diameter,

Oil is being pumped through a straight pipe, the pipe length, diameter and volumetric flow rate are all doubled in a new arrangement. The pipe friction factor, however, remains constant. The ratio of pipe frictional losses in the new arrangement to that in the original configuration would be

Two pipes of inner diameter $$100mm$$ and outer diameter $$110mm$$ each are joined by flash butt welding using $$30V$$ power supply. At the interface, $$1mm$$ of material melts from each pipe which has a resistance of $$42$$ Ohms.If the unit melt energy is $$64.4$$ $$MJ/{m^3}$$, then time required for welding (in $$S$$) is

Aluminium strips of $$2mm$$ thickness are joined together by resistance spot welding process by applying an electric current $$6000$$$$A$$ for $$0.15sec$$. The heat required for melting aluminium is $$2.9J/m{m^3}.$$ The diameter and thickness of the weld nugget are found to be $$5$$ $$mm$$ and $$2.5mm$$ respectively. Assuming the electrical resistance to be $$75$$ micro-ohms, the percentage of total energy utilized in forming the weld nugget is