Two flat steel sheets, each of $$2.5$$ $$mm$$ thickness, are being resistance spot welded using a current of $$6000$$ $$A$$ and weld time of $$0.2$$ $$s.$$ The contact resistance at the interface between the two sheets is $$200\,\,\mu \Omega $$ and the specific energy to melt steel is $$10 \times {10^9}\,\,J/{m^3}.$$ A spherical melt pool of diameter $$4$$ $$mm$$ is formed at the interface due to the current flow. Consider that electrical energy is completely converted to thermal energy. The ratio of the heat used for melting to the total resistive heat generated is _____________

In linear gas tungsten arc welding of two plates of the same material, the peak temperature $$T$$ (in $$K$$) is given as ܶ$$T = {{{c_1}q} \over \alpha },$$ where $$q$$ is the heat input per unit length (in $$J/m$$) of weld, $$\alpha $$ is the thermal diffusivity (in $${m^2}/s$$) of the plate materials and $${C_1}$$ is a constant independent of process parameters and material types. Two welding cases are given below.

where, $$V$$ is welding voltage, $$I$$ is welding current, $$v$$ is welding speed, and $$k,$$ $$\rho $$ and $$C$$ refer to the thermal conductivity, the density and the specific heat of the plate materials, respectively. Consider that electrical energy is completely converted to thermal energy. All other conditions remain same.

The ratio of the peak temperature in Case $${\rm I}$$ to that in Case $${\rm I}{\rm I}$$ is

Two aluminium alloy plates each $$10$$ $$mm$$ thick and $$1$$ $$m$$ long are welded without crowning by multipass tungsten inert gas butt welding. The joint configuration is $$V$$-type with $${60^ \circ }$$ angle and root gap is maintained at $$5$$ $$mm.$$ If electrode of $$5$$ $$mm$$ diameter with $$500$$ $$mm$$ length is used for welding, then the number of electrodes required is

In an arc welding operation carried out with a power source maintained at $$40$$ volts and $$400$$ amperes, the consumable electrode melts and just fills the gap between the metal plates to be butt-welded. The heat transfer efficiency for the process is $$0.8,$$ melting efficiency is $$0.3$$ and the heat required to melt the electrode is $$20$$ $$J/m{m^3}$$. If the travel speed of the electrode is $$4$$ $$mm/s$$, the cross-sectional area, in $$m{m^2}$$, of the weld joint is ________________.