A hole of $$40$$ $$mm$$ diameter is pierced in a steel sheet of $$4$$ $$mm$$ thickness without shear on the tool. Shear strength of steel is $$400$$ $$N/m{m^2},$$ and penetration is $$25\% .$$ What is the expected percentage load reduction if a shear of $$1$$ $$mm$$ is provided on the punch?

Determine the load required to punch a $$20$$ $$mm$$ diameter hole in $$2$$ $$mm$$ thick sheet. The properties of the material of the sheet are:
Tensile strength $$-580$$ $$MPa;$$
Yield strength in tension $$-410$$ $$MPa$$
Shear strength $$-350$$ $$MPa;$$
Yield strength in shear $$-250$$ $$MPa$$

The load in $$kN$$ is:

A cylindrical cup of $$48.5$$ $$mm$$ diameter and $$52$$ $$mm$$ height has a corner radius of $$1.5$$ $$mm$$ Cold rolled steel sheet of thickness $$1.5$$ $$mm$$ is used to produce the cup. Assume trim allowance as $$2$$ $$mm$$ per $$25$$ $$mm$$ of cup diameter. What is the blank size in $$mm$$ ?

The extrusion process(es) used for the production of toothpaste tubes is / are

$$1.$$ Tube extrusion
$$2.$$ Forward extrusion
$$3.$$ Impact extrusion