(a) A plane wave-front propagating in a medium of refractive index '$$\mu_1$$' is incident on a plane surface making an angle of incidence (i). It enters into a medium of refractive index $$\mu_2\left(\mu_2>\mu_1\right)$$. Use Huygen's construction of secondary wavelets to trace the retracted wave-front. Hence, verify Snell's law of refraction.

OR

Using Huygen's construction, show how a plane wave is reflected from a surface. Hence, verify the law of reflection.

An alternating voltage of $$220 \mathrm{~V}$$ is applied across a device $$X$$. A current of 0.22 A flows in the circuit and it lags behind the applied voltage in phase by $$\pi / 2$$ radian. When the same voltage is applied across another device $$Y$$, the current in the circuit remains the same and it is in phase with the applied voltage.

(i) Name the devices $$X$$ and $$Y$$ and,

(ii) Calculate the current flowing in the circuit when the same voltage is applied across the series combination of $$\mathrm{X}$$ and $$\mathrm{Y}$$.

State the basic principle behind the working of an ac generator. Briefly describe its working and obtain the expression for the instantaneous value of emf induced.

(a) Briefly describe how the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer can be increased.

(b) A galvanometer shows full scale deflection for current $$I_g$$. A resistance $$R_1$$ is required to convert it into a voltmeter of range $$(0-V)$$ and a resistance $$R_2$$ to convert it into a voltmeter of range $$(0-2 \mathrm{~V})$$. Find the resistance of the galvanometer.