Read the following passage and answer the items that follow the passages. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.

Today, if we consider cities such as New York, London and Paris as some of the most iconic cities in the world, it is because plans carrying a heavy systems approach were imposed on their precincts. The backbone of the systems theory is the process of translating social, spatial and cultural desirables into mathematical models using computing, statistics, optimization and an algorithmic way of formulating and solving problems. The early universities of the West which began to train professionals in planning, spawned some of the most ingenious planners, who were experts in these domains. This was because these very subjects were absorbed into the planning curriculum that had its roots in the social sciences, geography and architecture. Planning in India, and its education differ from the West.

Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. India needs a new generation of urban professionals with knowledge relevant to modern urban practice.

2. Indian universities at present have no capacity or potential to impart training in systems approach.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are correct?

Read the following passage and answer the items that follow the passages. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.

Which one of the following statements best reflects the central idea of the above passage?

Read the following passage and answer the items that follow the passages. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.

Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1. Internet is not inclusive enough.

2. Internet can adversely affect the quality of politics in a country.

Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?

Read the following passages and answer the items that follow the passages. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.

We take it for granted now that science has a social responsibility. The idea would not have occurred to Newton or Galileo. They thought of science as an account of the world as it is, and the only responsibility that they acknowledged was to tell the truth. The idea that science is a social enterprise is modern, and it begins at the industrial revolution. We are surprised that we cannot trace a social sense further back, because we nurse the illusion that the industrial revolution ended a golden age.

Which one of the following statements best reflects the thinking of the author about the science?