$$\forall x\,\exists y\,R\left( {x,y} \right) \leftrightarrow \exists y\forall x\,R\left( {x,y} \right)$$

$$\left( {\forall x\left[ {\exists y\,R\left( {x,y} \right) \to S\left( {x,y} \right)} \right]} \right) \to \forall x\exists y\,S\left( {x,y} \right)$$

$$\left[ {\forall x\,\exists y\,\left( {P\left( {x,y} \right)} \right. \to R\left( {x,y} \right)} \right] \leftrightarrow \left[ {\forall x\,\exists y\,\left( {\neg P\left( {x,y} \right)V\,R\left( {x,y} \right)} \right.} \right]$$

$$\forall x\,\forall y\,P\left( {x,y} \right) \to \forall x\forall y\,P\left( {y,x} \right)$$

A tree has no bridges

A bridge cannot be part of a simple cycle

Every edge of a clique with size $$ \ge 3$$ is a bridge (A clique is any complete sub-graph of a graph )

A graph with bridges cannot have a cycle

A multiple of $$4$$

Even

Odd

Congruent to $$0$$ $$mod$$ $$4$$, or, $$1$$ $$mod$$ $$4.$$