A thin metal plate is exposed to solar radiation. The air and the surroundings are at $${30^ \circ }C\,.$$ The heat transfer coefficient by free convection from the upper surface of the plate is $$17.4$$ $$\,W/{m^2}K$$. The plate has an absorptivity of $$0.9$$ at solar wavelength and an emissivity of $$0.1$$ at the long wavelength. Neglecting any heat loss from the lower surface, determine the incident solar radiation intensity in $$kW/{m^2}$$ , if the measured equilibrium temperature of the plate is $${50^ \circ }C\,.$$ Stefan Boltzmannn constant is $$5.67 \times {10^{ - 8}}\,\,W/{m^2}{K^4}$$

Consider two large parallel plates, one at $${T_1} = {727^ \circ }C$$ with emissivity $${\varepsilon _1} = 0.8$$ and the other at $${T_2} = {227^ \circ }C\,$$ with emissivity $${\varepsilon _2} = 0.4.$$ An aluminium radiation shield with an emissivity, $${\varepsilon _s} = 0.05$$ on both sides is placed between the plates. Calculate the percentage reduction in heat transfer rate between the two plates as a result of the shield.
Use $$\sigma = 5.67 \times {10^{ - 8}}W/\left( {{m^2}{K^4}} \right)$$

An object has the shape of cubical box of side $$10cm,$$ with no top cover. The box is placed inside a room whose dimensions are much larger than those of the box. All the five surfaces of box are at a temp of $${500^ \circ }C$$ and have an emissivity of $$0.6.$$ The walls of the room are at $${25^ \circ }C$$ and have an emissivity of $$0.4.$$ All these surfaces can be assumed to be diffuse-gray. Find the net radiative heat loss from the inner surface of the box to the walls of the room.
Stephen Boltzmann constant $$5.67 \times {10^{ - 8}}\,\,W/{m^2}{K^4}$$. View factor between two parallel square plates placed directly opposite to each other is $$0.2$$

Two black plates, each one meter square, are placed parallel to each other in such a way that the radiation shape factor for the system is $$0.4.$$ If the plates are maintained at $${800^ \circ }C$$ and $${400^ \circ }C$$ respectively, determine the net radiant heat transfer between the plates. Also calculate the net heat exchange if the plates were infinite in size. Stephen Boltzmann constant $$ = 5.67 \times {10^{ - 8}}\,\,W/{m^2}{K^4}$$